It’s easy to see pictures in the stars. That’s how skywatchers created constellations — they connected the dots of bright stars. But it’s also easy to see pictures on a smaller scale — in star clusters. One example is NGC 457. Stargazers have given it several names, depending on how they saw it: the Owl, the Dragonfly, and E.T., for the friendly alien in the movie. It’s in the northeast at nightfall, near another star picture: the letter W formed by the stars of Cassiopeia. The nebula’s an easy target for binoculars. Astronomers have identified several dozen stars in the cluster. But picking out just which stars belong to a cluster takes time. When we look toward a cluster, we see both the cluster and the stars that appear in front of it and behind it. And there’s no way to tell just from looking which star is where. Astronomers make several measurements to pick out a cluster’s members. First, they measure the motions of the stars — both across the sky and toward or away from Earth. Me
